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Emory Douglas (born May 24, 1943) worked as the Minister of Culture for the Black Panther Party from 1967 until the Party disbanded in the 1980s. His graphic art was featured in most issues of the newspaper ''The Black Panther'' (which had a peak circulation of 139,000 per week in 1970).〔Colette Gaiter, "("Visualizing a Revolution: Emory Douglas and The Black Panther Newspaper" ), AIGA (8 June 2005).〕 As the art director, designer, and main illustrator for ''The Black Panther'' newspaper, Douglas created images that became icons, representing black American struggles during the 1960s and 1970s. ==Life and work== Douglas was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan and grew up in the San Francisco Bay Area. As a teenager, Douglas was incarcerated at the Youth Training School in Ontario, California; during his time there he worked in the prison’s printing shop. He later studied commercial art, taking graphic design classes, at San Francisco City College. As Erika Doss wrote, "He also joined the college's Black Students Union and was drawn to political activism." In 1967 Douglas became Minister of Culture for the Black Panther Party. In 2007, The ''San Francisco Chronicle'' reporter Jessica Werner Zack reported that he "branded the militant-chic Panther image decades before the concept became commonplace. He used the newspaper's popularity to incite the disenfranchised to action, portraying the poor with genuine empathy, not as victims but as outraged, unapologetic and ready for a fight."〔Jessica Werner Zack,"(The Black Panthers advocated armed struggle. Emory Douglas' weapon of choice? The pen )," ''San Francisco Chronicle'' (28 May 2007).〕 Douglas worked at the black community-oriented ''San Francisco Sun Reporter''〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.sunreporter.com/ )〕 newspaper for over 30 years after ''The Black Panther'' newspaper was no longer published. He continued to create activist artwork. According to Greg Morozumi, of the Bay Area EastSide Arts Alliance,〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.eastsideartsalliance.com/ )〕 his artwork stayed relevant. "Rather than reinforcing the cultural dead end of "post-modern" nostalgia, the inspiration of his art raises the possibility of rebellion and the creation of new revolutionary culture." In 2006, artist and curator Sam Durant edited a comprehensive monograph of Black Panther artist Emory Douglas’ work, ''Black Panther: The Revolutionary Art of Emory Douglas,'' with contributors including Danny Glover, Kathleen Cleaver, St. Clair Bourne, Colette Gaiter (associate professor at the University of Delaware), Greg Morozumi (artistic director of the EastSide Arts Alliance in Oakland, California), and Sonia Sanchez.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.rizzoliusa.com/book.php?isbn=9780847829446 )〕 After the book's publication, Emory Douglas had retrospective exhibitions at the Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles (2007–08) and the New Museum in New York. Since the re-introduction of his early work to new audiences, Emory Douglas continues to make new work, exhibit and interact with audiences in formal and informal settings all over the world. His international exhibitions and visits include Urbis, Manchester England (2008);〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2008/dec/20/emory-douglas-urbis-manchester )〕 Auckland, New Zealand,〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://aucklandtriennial.com/artists/emory-douglas )〕 Collaboration with Richard Bell in Brisbane, Australia (2011); Chiapas, Mexico; Lisbon, Portugal (2011) Colette Gaiter writes: 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Emory Douglas」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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